Type of method of pretest handling to habituate an animal (mice) to experimenter contact
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Pretest animal handling method type
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Type of method of pretest handling to habituate an animal (mice) to experimenter contact
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Title:
The influence of open arm ledges and maze experience in the elevated plus-maze.
URI:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=8728536
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en-us
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In Experiment 1, rats were tested in a plus-maze, with or without small ledges on the open arms, after injection with vehicle or chlordiazepoxide (7.5 mg/kg). They were scored either on their first or second exposure to the maze; those scored on trail 2 had received a 5-min undrugged exposure to the maze 24 h earlier. This dose of chlordiazepoxide had a significant anxiolytic effect on trial 1 only in the maze without ledges, and on trial 2 only in the maze with ledges; thus, the presence of ledges differentially affected anxiolytic sensitivity on trials 1 and 2. The results of a factor analysis study (Experiment 2) confirmed that ledges had a differential effect when rats were repeatedly exposed to the maze. Thus, in the maze without ledges, the scores reflecting anxiolytic activity on trial 1 loaded on one factor, whereas the scores from trials 2 and 3 loaded on another independent factor. In the maze with ledges, the scores reflecting anxiolytic activity on trials 1, 2, and 3 loaded on three independent factors. Considering the published evidence and the results of the present study, we suggest that both types of plus-maze may be measuring the same type of anxiety with different sensitivities on trial 1 (e.g., generalised anxiety or fear of open spaces); different types of anxiety on trial 2 (without ledges--phobia/fear of heights; with ledges--not known), and trial 3 in the maze with ledges, yet another type of anxiety. The factor analysis results are also presented for ethological measures on the plus-maze, and for activity and exploration in the holeboard. Based on the factor loadings, a composite measure of anxiety on trial 1 is presented which will increase the sensitivity of the plus-maze to anxiolytic treatments. The measures of motor activity in the plus-maze load on a different factor from those derived from the holeboard, thus cautioning against considering all measures of motor activity as interchangeable.
ID:
Title:
Behavioural and pharmacological characterisation of the elevated "zero-maze" as an animal model of anxiety.
URI:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=7862931
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Language Code:
en-us
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The elevated "zero-maze" is a modification of the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety in rats which incorporates both traditional and novel ethological measures in the analysis of drug effects. The novel design comprises an elevated annular platform with two opposite enclosed quadrants and two open, removing any ambiguity in interpretation of time spent on the central square of the traditional design and allowing uninterrupted exploration. Using this model, the reference benzodiazepine anxiolytics, diazepam (0.125-0.5 mg/kg) and chlordiazepoxide (0.5-2.0 mg/kg) significantly increased the percentage of time spent in the open quadrants (% TO) and the frequency of head dips over the edge of the platform (HDIPS), and reduced the frequency of stretched attend postures (SAP) from the closed to open quadrants. In contrast, the anxiogenic drug m-chlorophenyl-piperazine (mCPP; 0.25-1.0 mg/kg) induced the opposite effects, decreasing %TO and HDIPS, and increasing SAP. The 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT; 0.001-0.1 mg/kg) had no effects on either %TO or HDIPS, but did decrease SAP at 0.01 mg/kg although not at higher or lower doses. Similarly, the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, ondansetron (0.0001-1.0 mg/kg) decreased SAP and increased %TO at 0.01 mg/kg, but not at other doses. The present data suggest that a combination of the novel "zero-maze" design and a detailed ethological analysis provides a sensitive model for the detection of anxiolytic/anxiogenic drug action.
ID:
Title:
Value of water mazes for assessing spatial and egocentric learning and memory in rodent basic research and regulatory studies.