| No upper extremity function at or below the elbow |
No upper extremity function at or below the elbow |
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No voluntary control of elbow, wrist, or hand muscles- no grasping function- severely limited active placing or reaching of the arm. |
| Passive tenodesis hand |
Passive tenodesis hand |
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Passive hand functions with neither voluntary control of extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles nor ability to actively extend the wrist. Opening and closing of the hand is only possible by supination or pronation of the forearm (passive tenodesis effect) with no active grasping movements of hand. Bimanual grasping by stabilizing objects between two hands or passive tenodesis grasp is effective only in a limited workspace. |
| Active tenodesis hand |
Active tenodesis hand |
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No voluntary control of extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles but active wrist extension allowing for passive movements of fingers dependent on a tenodesis effect. Limited single-handed grasping function in a restricted workspace. |
| Active extrinsic hand |
Active extrinsic hand |
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Voluntary control of wrist and some extrinsic hand muscles allowing for grasping with or without tenodesis enabling some active opening and closing of the hand but reduced dexterity and reduction of workspace. |
| Active extrinsic-intrinsic hand |
Active extrinsic-intrinsic hand |
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Voluntary control of extrinsic and intrinsic hand muscles with full workspace and the ability to perform different grasp forms (e.g. power grip, precision grip, lateral power pinch, precision pinch) but potential limitations of muscle strength and dexterity. |