Indicator of seizure monitoring during the Conditioned Place Preference Test - trial
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Indicator of seizure monitoring during the Conditioned Place Preference Test - trial
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Indicator of seizure monitoring during the conditioned place preference test trial
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Qualified
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0
yes
1
no
999
unknown
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Indicator of seizure monitoring during the Conditioned Place Preference Test - trial
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Was seizure monitoring done in the conditioned place preference test trial
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Indicator of seizure monitoring during the conditioned place preference test trial
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Development of CGRP-dependent pain and headache related behaviours in a rat model of concussion: Implications for mechanisms of post-traumatic headache.
Posttraumatic headache (PTH) is one of the most common, debilitating and difficult symptoms to manage after a mild traumatic brain injury, or concussion. However, the mechanisms underlying PTH remain elusive, in part due to the lack of a clinically relevant animal model. Here, we characterized for the first time, headache and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of concussion evoked by a mild closed head injury (mCHI) - the major type of military and civilian related trauma associated with PTH - and tested responses to current and novel headache therapies.Concussion was induced in adult male rats using a weight-drop device. Characterization of headache and pain related behaviours included assessment of cutaneous tactile pain sensitivity, using von Frey monofilaments, and ongoing pain using the conditioned place preference or aversion (CPP/CPA) paradigms. Sensitivity to headache/migraine triggers was tested by exposing rats to low-dose glyceryl trinitrate (GTN). Treatments included acute systemic administration of sumatriptan and chronic systemic administration of a mouse anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody.Concussed rats developed cephalic tactile pain hypersensitivity that was resolved by two weeks post-injury and was ameliorated by treatment with sumatriptan or anti-CGRP monoclonal antibody. Sumatriptan also produced CPP seven days post mCHI, but not in sham animals. Following the resolution of the concussion-evoked cephalic hypersensitivity, administration of GTN produced a renewed and pronounced cephalic pain hypersensitivity that was inhibited by sumatriptan or anti-CGRP antibody treatment as well as a CGRP-dependent CPA. GTN had no effect in sham animals.Concussion leads to the development of headache and pain-related behaviours, in particular sustained enhanced responses to GTN, that are mediated through a CGRP-dependent mechanism. Treatment with anti-CGRP antibodies may be a useful approach to treat PTH.
“Attention” refers to a variety of hypothetical constructs by which the nervous system apprehends and organizes sensory input and generates coordinated behavior. Although it has been a subject of psychological investigation since William James introduced it to the field in the late 19th century, systematic assessment of attention in animals has a shorter history. As with any unobservable cognitive process, assessment of attention requires quantification of an observable phenomenon, such as the behavior of the animal or the electrical activity of its nervous system. To the extent that these events can be measured objectively, attention can be inferred equally readily in any animal species, including humans or other primates, rats, mice, or birds [1]. As James [2] pointed out, attention is not a unitary phenomenon, but rather a term that subsumes several different varieties of attentional processes. In the present discussion, we focus on three such processes: the ability to sustain attention over time, the ability to attend selectively to a subset of environmental information while filtering out extraneous stimuli, and the ability to shift attentional set. Accordingly, this chapter discusses three behavioral approaches to assessing attention in rodents. These approaches include multiple-choice serial reaction time tests that can be arranged to assess both sustained and selective attention, signal detection tests with blank trials that focus on sustained attention, and attentional set-shifting procedures. For each of these approaches, we present a commonly used method and then discuss design and analytic procedures that can help determine whether observed changes in performance can be attributed to the target attentional construct (see Sections 7.2–7.4). Section 7.5 discusses some guidelines for task selection. The appendix lists suppliers for necessary equipment.
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Title:
Development of CGRP-dependent pain and headache related behaviours in a rat model of concussion: Implications for mechanisms of post-traumatic headache.